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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" data-theme="dark">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="7viOSAJ5k_ZWyXBzBRxikyKu9Zw2HtUz34FbxWxF0f8" />
<title>fstream</title>
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="favicon.svg">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Playfair+Display:wght@700;900&family=Inter:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root {
--ease: cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);
--spring: cubic-bezier(.34,1.56,.64,1);
--r: #f78166; --r2: #ff9d87;
--b: #79c0ff; --g: #56d364;
--y: #e3b341; --p: #d2a8ff;
}
[data-theme="dark"] {
--bg: #090d13; --bg2: #0d1117; --bg3: #161b22;
--sf: #161b22; --sf2: #1c2128; --sf3: #21262d;
--bd: #30363d; --bd2: #21262d;
--tx: #e6edf3; --tx2: #c9d1d9; --mu: #8b949e; --dm: #6e7681;
--glow: rgba(247,129,102,.15);
--glass: rgba(22,27,34,.8);
--kw: #ff7b72; --ty: #ffa657; --st: #a5d6ff;
--cm: #8b949e; --fn: #d2a8ff; --nu: #79c0ff; --mc: #79c0ff;
--sb-bg: #0d1117; --topbar-bg: rgba(13,17,23,.95);
--footer-bg: #0d1117;
--search-bg: rgba(22,27,34,.95);
--card-bg: #161b22;
--shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.5);
--vis-bg: rgba(22,27,34,.6);
}
[data-theme="light"] {
--bg: #f0f2f5; --bg2: #ffffff; --bg3: #f6f8fa;
--sf: #ffffff; --sf2: #f6f8fa; --sf3: #eaeef2;
--bd: #d0d7de; --bd2: #eaeef2;
--tx: #1f2328; --tx2: #24292f; --mu: #57606a; --dm: #6e7781;
--glow: rgba(247,129,102,.08);
--glass: rgba(255,255,255,.85);
--kw: #cf222e; --ty: #953800; --st: #0550ae;
--cm: #57606a; --fn: #8250df; --nu: #0550ae; --mc: #0550ae;
--sb-bg: #f6f8fa; --topbar-bg: rgba(246,248,250,.98);
--footer-bg: #f6f8fa;
--search-bg: rgba(255,255,255,.98);
--card-bg: #ffffff;
--shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--vis-bg: rgba(246,248,250,.8);
}
*, *::before, *::after { margin:0; padding:0; box-sizing:border-box; }
html { scroll-behavior:smooth; }
html, body { height:100%; overflow:hidden; }
body {
background: var(--bg);
color: var(--tx);
transition: background .15s ease, color .15s ease;
font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
font-size: 15px;
line-height: 1.7;
transition: background .15s ease, color .15s ease;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
/* ── ANIMATED BG ORBS ── */
.bg-orbs { position:fixed; inset:0; pointer-events:none; z-index:0; overflow:hidden; }
.orb {
position:absolute; border-radius:50%;
filter:blur(80px); opacity:0;
animation: orbFloat 15s ease-in-out infinite;
will-change:transform;
}
[data-theme="dark"] .orb { opacity:.04; }
[data-theme="light"] .orb { opacity:.05; }
.orb1 { width:600px;height:600px;background:var(--r);top:-150px;left:-150px;animation-delay:0s; }
.orb2 { width:500px;height:500px;background:var(--b);top:25%;right:-100px;animation-delay:-5s; }
.orb3 { width:400px;height:400px;background:var(--p);bottom:-100px;left:25%;animation-delay:-10s; }
.orb4 { width:350px;height:350px;background:var(--g);top:60%;left:50%;animation-delay:-7s; }
@keyframes orbFloat {
0%,100% { transform:translateY(0) scale(1) rotate(0deg); }
33% { transform:translateY(-40px) scale(1.06) rotate(3deg); }
66% { transform:translateY(25px) scale(.94) rotate(-2deg); }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
.orb { animation:none; }
.reveal, .reveal-left, .reveal-scale { transition:opacity .3s linear; transform:none !important; }
* { scroll-behavior:auto !important; }
}
/* ── TOPBAR ── */
.topbar {
height:58px;
background: var(--topbar-bg);
border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);
backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(200%);
-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(200%);
display:flex; align-items:center;
padding:env(safe-area-inset-top) 16px 0 16px; gap:12px;
flex-shrink:0; z-index:200;
position:relative;
transition: background .15s;
}
.tb-logo {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
font-size:14px; font-weight:700;
color:var(--r); letter-spacing:1px;
white-space:nowrap;
display:flex; align-items:center; gap:6px;
flex-shrink:0;
}
.tb-logo-bracket { color:var(--mu); font-size:18px; }
/* Search */
.search-wrap { flex:1; max-width:520px; margin:0 auto; position:relative; }
.search-input {
width:100%;
background:var(--search-bg);
border:1px solid var(--bd);
border-radius:24px;
padding:8px 18px 8px 40px;
font-family:'Inter',sans-serif;
font-size:13px; color:var(--tx);
outline:none;
transition:all .25s var(--ease);
backdrop-filter:blur(10px);
}
.search-input::placeholder { color:var(--dm); }
.search-input:focus {
border-color:var(--r);
box-shadow:0 0 0 3px var(--glow), 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
background:var(--sf);
}
.search-icon { position:absolute;left:14px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);color:var(--mu);font-size:14px;pointer-events:none; }
.search-results {
position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 8px);left:0;right:0;
background:var(--sf);border:1px solid var(--bd);
border-radius:14px;box-shadow:var(--shadow),0 0 0 1px rgba(247,129,102,.06);
z-index:300;overflow:hidden;
display:none;
animation:dropIn .2s var(--ease);
}
.search-results.show { display:block; }
@keyframes dropIn { from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-10px)} to{opacity:1;transform:none} }
/* FIX #5: themed scrollbar for the search results dropdown — previously
this used the default browser scrollbar (always grey/white), which
clashed with the dark theme. Now it matches .content / .sb-scroll. */
.search-results { scrollbar-width:thin; scrollbar-color:var(--bd) transparent; }
.search-results::-webkit-scrollbar { width:5px; }
.search-results::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background:transparent; }
.search-results::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background:var(--bd); border-radius:3px; }
.search-results::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background:var(--dm); }
.sr-header { padding:8px 14px 4px; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:9px; letter-spacing:2px; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--dm); }
.sr-item {
display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;
padding:10px 16px; cursor:pointer;
transition:background .15s;
border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd2);
}
.sr-item:last-child { border-bottom:none; }
.sr-item:hover, .sr-item.active { background:var(--sf2); }
.sr-icon { font-size:14px;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:1px; }
.sr-body { flex:1;min-width:0; }
.sr-label { font-size:13px;color:var(--tx2); }
.sr-label mark { background:none;color:var(--r);font-weight:700; }
.sr-snippet { font-size:11px;color:var(--dm);margin-top:2px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;max-width:360px; }
.sr-snippet mark { background:none;color:var(--r);font-weight:600; }
.sr-badge { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--mu);flex-shrink:0;margin-top:2px; }
.sr-empty { padding:24px;text-align:center;color:var(--mu);font-size:13px; }
/* Right controls */
.tb-controls { display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;flex-shrink:0; }
.tb-btn {
width:36px;height:36px;
border-radius:10px;border:1px solid var(--bd);
background:transparent;color:var(--mu);cursor:pointer;
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
transition:all .2s var(--ease);font-size:15px;flex-shrink:0;
}
.tb-btn:hover { background:var(--sf2);color:var(--tx);border-color:var(--r);transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.15); }
.tb-btn.active { background:rgba(247,129,102,.12);color:var(--r);border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.4); }
.home-btn {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.5px;
color:var(--mu);background:transparent;
border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:8px;
padding:0 12px;height:36px;cursor:pointer;
transition:all .2s var(--ease);white-space:nowrap;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
}
.home-btn:hover { color:var(--tx);border-color:var(--r);background:rgba(247,129,102,.06);transform:translateY(-1px); }
/* ── LAYOUT ── */
.workspace { flex:1;display:flex;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1; }
/* ── SIDEBAR ── */
.sidebar {
width:272px;background:var(--sb-bg);border-right:1px solid var(--bd);
display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;flex-shrink:0;
transition:width .32s var(--ease), opacity .28s var(--ease);
}
.sidebar.closed { width:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none; }
.sidebar.no-anim { transition:none !important; }
.sidebar-backdrop {
display:none;
position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:170;
background:rgba(0,0,0,.55);
opacity:0;pointer-events:none;
transition:opacity .28s var(--ease);
}
.sidebar-backdrop.show { opacity:1;pointer-events:auto; }
.sb-top { padding:18px 16px 12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd2);flex-shrink:0; }
.sb-title { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:2.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--r);margin-bottom:4px; }
.sb-sub { font-size:11.5px;color:var(--dm); }
.sb-scroll { flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:4px 0 16px; }
.sb-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar { width:3px; }
.sb-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background:var(--bd);border-radius:2px; }
.nb-sec { padding:12px 16px 5px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--dm); }
.nb-item {
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;
padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;color:var(--mu);
transition:all .18s var(--ease);
border-left:2px solid transparent;user-select:none;
position:relative;overflow:hidden;
}
.nb-item::before {
content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;
background:linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,var(--sf2));
opacity:0;transition:opacity .2s;
}
.nb-item:hover::before { opacity:1; }
.nb-item:hover { color:var(--tx); }
.nb-item.active { color:var(--b);border-left-color:var(--b);background:rgba(121,192,255,.08); }
.nb-item.active::before { opacity:0; }
.nb-num { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--dm);width:22px;flex-shrink:0; }
.nb-item.active .nb-num { color:var(--r); }
.nb-icon { font-size:13px;flex-shrink:0; }
.nb-label { flex:1;min-width:0;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap; }
/* ── CONTENT ── */
.content {
flex:1;overflow-y:auto;background:var(--bg2);
transition:background .15s;
}
.content::-webkit-scrollbar { width:6px; }
.content::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background:var(--bd);border-radius:3px; }
.content::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background:transparent; }
.page-wrap {
max-width:820px;margin:0 auto;
padding:52px 48px 100px;
}
/* Reading time badge */
.reading-time {
display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;
color:var(--dm);background:var(--sf2);
border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:10px;
padding:3px 10px;margin-bottom:16px;
}
/* ── SCROLL ANIMATIONS ── */
.reveal {
opacity:0;
transform:translateY(40px);
transition:opacity .55s var(--ease), transform .55s var(--ease);
}
.reveal.visible {
opacity:1;transform:none;
}
.reveal-left {
opacity:0;transform:translateX(-40px);
transition:opacity .5s var(--ease), transform .5s var(--ease);
}
.reveal-left.visible { opacity:1;transform:none; }
.reveal-scale {
opacity:0;transform:scale(.9);
transition:opacity .45s var(--ease), transform .45s var(--spring);
}
.reveal-scale.visible { opacity:1;transform:none; }
/* stagger delays */
.delay-1 { transition-delay:.10s; }
.delay-2 { transition-delay:.20s; }
.delay-3 { transition-delay:.30s; }
.delay-4 { transition-delay:.40s; }
.delay-5 { transition-delay:.50s; }
/* Extra: concept panel entrance glow flash */
.concept-panel.reveal.visible {
animation: panelGlow .7s var(--ease) both;
}
@keyframes panelGlow {
0% { box-shadow:0 0 0 0 rgba(121,192,255,0); }
40% { box-shadow:0 0 32px 6px rgba(121,192,255,.22); }
100% { box-shadow:none; }
}
/* Diagram entrance: slide from bottom + scale */
.diagram.reveal.visible {
animation: diagIn .55s var(--spring) both;
}
@keyframes diagIn {
from { transform:translateY(30px) scale(.96);opacity:0; }
to { transform:none;opacity:1; }
}
/* Step items stagger on parent reveal */
.reveal.visible .step-item:nth-child(1) { animation:stepIn .4s .05s var(--spring) both; }
.reveal.visible .step-item:nth-child(2) { animation:stepIn .4s .15s var(--spring) both; }
.reveal.visible .step-item:nth-child(3) { animation:stepIn .4s .25s var(--spring) both; }
.reveal.visible .step-item:nth-child(4) { animation:stepIn .4s .35s var(--spring) both; }
.reveal.visible .step-item:nth-child(5) { animation:stepIn .4s .45s var(--spring) both; }
@keyframes stepIn {
from { opacity:0;transform:translateX(-28px) scale(.96); }
to { opacity:1;transform:none; }
}
/* Code block entrance */
.cb.reveal.visible {
animation:cbIn .5s var(--spring) both;
}
@keyframes cbIn {
from { opacity:0;transform:translateY(32px) scale(.97); }
to { opacity:1;transform:none; }
}
/* Box entrance */
.box.reveal.visible {
animation:boxIn .45s var(--spring) both;
}
@keyframes boxIn {
from { opacity:0;transform:translateX(-24px); }
to { opacity:1;transform:none; }
}
/* Card grid entrance */
.gc.reveal.visible {
animation:gcIn .5s var(--spring) both;
}
@keyframes gcIn {
from { opacity:0;transform:translateY(28px) scale(.93); }
to { opacity:1;transform:none; }
}
/* page entrance */
@keyframes pageIn {
from { opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px); }
to { opacity:1;transform:none; }
}
.page-enter { animation:pageIn .4s var(--ease) both; }
/* ── TYPOGRAPHY ── */
.pg-badge {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;
letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--r);
display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-bottom:12px;
}
.pg-badge::before { content:'';width:20px;height:2px;background:var(--r);border-radius:1px; }
.pg-title {
font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;
font-size:clamp(26px,4vw,48px);font-weight:700;line-height:1.08;
margin-bottom:16px;
background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--tx) 0%,var(--tx2) 100%);
-webkit-background-clip:text;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;background-clip:text;
}
[data-theme="light"] .pg-title {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1f2328 0%,#57606a 100%);
-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;
}
.pg-lead {
font-size:16px;color:var(--mu);
border-left:3px solid var(--r);padding-left:18px;
margin-bottom:32px;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;
}
h3.sh {
font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:20px;color:var(--b);
margin:36px 0 14px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;
}
h3.sh::before { content:'';width:14px;height:2px;background:var(--b);flex-shrink:0; }
p { margin-bottom:14px;color:var(--mu);font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.85; }
p strong { color:var(--tx2); }
code {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12.5px;
background:var(--sf2);border:1px solid var(--bd);padding:2px 7px;
border-radius:4px;color:var(--y);
transition:background .15s,border-color .15s;
}
/* ── BEGINNER-FRIENDLY SUMMARY BOX ──
Purely additive: appears right under the chapter's intro line, in plain
everyday language, before the technical content begins. Original content
below it is completely unchanged. */
.beginner-box {
background: rgba(86,211,100,.05);
border: 1px dashed rgba(86,211,100,.35);
border-radius: 10px;
padding: 14px 18px;
margin: 0 0 26px;
}
.beginner-box .bb-label {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;
text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--g);margin-bottom:6px;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
}
.beginner-box .bb-label::before { content:'🧒'; }
.beginner-box p { margin:0; font-size:13.5px; color:var(--tx2); line-height:1.7; }
/* ── VISUAL CONCEPT CARDS (ChatGPT style) ── */
.concept-panel {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(121,192,255,.04),rgba(210,168,255,.04));
border:1px solid rgba(121,192,255,.15);
border-radius:14px;padding:20px 24px;margin:20px 0;
position:relative;overflow:hidden;
}
.concept-panel::before {
content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;
background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--b),var(--p));
}
.concept-label {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;
text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--b);margin-bottom:12px;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
}
.concept-label::before { content:'💡'; }
.step-list { list-style:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;margin:12px 0; }
.step-item {
display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:12px;
padding:10px 14px;background:var(--sf2);border-radius:8px;
border:1px solid var(--bd2);
transition:all .2s var(--ease);
}
.step-item:hover { border-color:var(--b);transform:translateX(4px); }
.step-num {
width:22px;height:22px;border-radius:50%;
background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--r),var(--p));
color:#fff;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:1px;
}
.step-text { font-size:13.5px;color:var(--tx2);line-height:1.6; }
.step-text strong { color:var(--r); }
/* ── VISUAL DIAGRAMS ── */
.diagram {
background:var(--vis-bg);border:1px solid var(--bd);
border-radius:12px;padding:24px;margin:20px 0;
overflow-x:auto;
}
.diagram-title {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;
text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--dm);margin-bottom:16px;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
}
.diagram-title::before { content:'📊'; }
/* Stream flow diagram */
.flow-row {
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
gap:0;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:8px 0;
}
.flow-box {
border-radius:10px;padding:10px 16px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;
text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
}
.flow-box.prog { background:rgba(121,192,255,.12);border:1px solid rgba(121,192,255,.3);color:var(--b); }
.flow-box.file { background:rgba(247,129,102,.12);border:1px solid rgba(247,129,102,.3);color:var(--r); }
.flow-box.mem { background:rgba(86,211,100,.1);border:1px solid rgba(86,211,100,.25);color:var(--g); }
.flow-arrow {
display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;
padding:0 10px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;
color:var(--dm);gap:2px;
}
.flow-arrow .arrow-line {
font-size:20px;color:var(--mu);line-height:1;
}
.flow-arrow .arrow-label { font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.5px; }
/* Memory layout diagram */
.mem-layout {
display:flex;gap:2px;align-items:flex-end;margin:12px 0;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
}
.mem-cell {
border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:4px;padding:8px 6px;
text-align:center;font-size:10px;min-width:40px;
background:var(--sf2);
}
.mem-cell .mc-val { font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--b);display:block; }
.mem-cell .mc-addr { font-size:9px;color:var(--dm);display:block;margin-top:2px; }
.mem-cell.highlight { background:rgba(121,192,255,.12);border-color:rgba(121,192,255,.4); }
/* Comparison visual */
.compare-wrap { display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:12px;margin:14px 0; }
.compare-col { border-radius:10px;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid var(--bd); }
.compare-col.col-a { background:rgba(247,129,102,.06);border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.2); }
.compare-col.col-b { background:rgba(86,211,100,.06);border-color:rgba(86,211,100,.2); }
.compare-header { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:8px; }
.compare-col.col-a .compare-header { color:var(--r); }
.compare-col.col-b .compare-header { color:var(--g); }
.compare-row { display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:6px;margin:4px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--mu); }
.compare-row::before { content:'•';color:var(--mu);flex-shrink:0;margin-top:1px; }
/* ── CODE BLOCKS ── */
.cb {
background:var(--sf);border:1px solid var(--bd);
border-radius:12px;margin:22px 0;overflow:hidden;
box-shadow:var(--shadow);
transition:box-shadow .3s var(--ease), transform .2s var(--ease), border-color .25s;
}
.cb:hover { box-shadow:0 12px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 0 0 1px rgba(247,129,102,.12);border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.2); }
.cb-h {
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;
padding:10px 16px;background:var(--sf2);border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);
}
.cb-l {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:11px;color:var(--mu);
text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;
}
.cb-dots {
display:flex;gap:5px;
}
.cb-dot {
width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;
}
.cb-dot.red { background:#ff5f57; }
.cb-dot.yellow { background:#ffbd2e; }
.cb-dot.green { background:#28c840; }
.cb-actions { display:flex;gap:6px;align-items:center; }
.cb-copy, .cb-dl {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--mu);
background:var(--sf3);border:1px solid var(--bd);padding:3px 10px;
border-radius:5px;cursor:pointer;
transition:all .15s var(--ease);letter-spacing:.5px;
}
.cb-copy:hover { color:var(--g);border-color:var(--g);background:rgba(86,211,100,.08); }
.cb-dl:hover { color:var(--b);border-color:var(--b);background:rgba(121,192,255,.08); }
.cb-copy.copied { color:var(--g);border-color:var(--g);background:rgba(86,211,100,.12); }
/* Line numbers */
.cb-body { display:flex; }
.line-nums {
padding:20px 0 20px 16px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:13px;line-height:1.75;
color:var(--dm);user-select:none;text-align:right;
border-right:1px solid var(--bd2);
min-width:44px;
display:flex;flex-direction:column;
}
.line-nums span { display:block;padding-right:12px;font-size:11px; }
pre {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:13px;line-height:1.75;
padding:20px 22px;overflow-x:auto;tab-size:4;color:var(--tx);flex:1;
}
pre::-webkit-scrollbar { height:4px; }
pre::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background:var(--bd);border-radius:2px; }
/* Syntax */
.kw { color:var(--kw);font-weight:600; }
.ty { color:var(--ty); }
.st { color:var(--st); }
.cm { color:var(--cm);font-style:italic; }
.fn { color:var(--fn); }
.nu { color:var(--nu); }
.mc { color:var(--mc); }
.op { color:var(--b); }
.va { color:var(--tx); }
.pu { color:var(--mu); }
/* ── INFO BOXES ── */
.box {
border-radius:10px;padding:14px 20px;margin:18px 0;border-left:4px solid;
backdrop-filter:blur(4px);
transition:transform .2s var(--ease), box-shadow .2s;
}
.box:hover { transform:translateX(5px);box-shadow:4px 0 20px rgba(0,0,0,.1); }
.box .bt { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px; }
.box p { margin:0;font-size:13.5px; }
.info { background:rgba(121,192,255,.06);border-color:var(--b); }
.info .bt { color:var(--b); }
.tip { background:rgba(86,211,100,.06);border-color:var(--g); }
.tip .bt { color:var(--g); }
.warn { background:rgba(227,179,65,.06);border-color:var(--y); }
.warn .bt { color:var(--y); }
.dng { background:rgba(247,129,102,.06);border-color:var(--r); }
.dng .bt { color:var(--r); }
/* ── TABLES ── */
.tw { overflow-x:auto;margin:18px 0;border-radius:12px;box-shadow:var(--shadow); }
table { width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12.5px;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden; }
th { background:var(--sf2);color:var(--b);padding:11px 14px;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.3px; }
td { padding:10px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd2);color:var(--mu);vertical-align:top;transition:background .15s; }
tr:last-child td { border-bottom:none; }
tr:hover td { background:rgba(121,192,255,.05); }
.tg { color:var(--g); } .tb { color:var(--b); } .to { color:var(--y); } .tr { color:var(--r); }
/* ── OUTPUT BOX ── */
.out-label { font-size:10px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--dm);margin-bottom:6px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; }
.out-box {
background:#04080f;border:1px solid rgba(86,211,100,.2);border-radius:8px;
padding:14px 18px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12.5px;
color:var(--g);line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:18px;white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;
box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(86,211,100,.05),inset 0 0 40px rgba(86,211,100,.02);
animation:termBlink .05s ease;
}
@keyframes termBlink { from{opacity:.85} to{opacity:1} }
[data-theme="light"] .out-box { background:#f0fff4;border-color:rgba(86,211,100,.3); }
/* ── ANALOGY ── */
.analogy {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(210,168,255,.07),rgba(121,192,255,.04));
border:1px solid rgba(210,168,255,.2);border-radius:12px;padding:18px 22px;margin:20px 0;
position:relative;overflow:hidden;
}
.analogy::after { content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 80% 50%,rgba(210,168,255,.04),transparent 70%);pointer-events:none; }
.analogy-t { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--p);margin-bottom:8px; }
.analogy p { margin:0;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;color:var(--mu); }
/* ── GRID CARDS ── */
.g2 { display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px;margin:16px 0; }
.g3 { display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:12px;margin:16px 0; }
.gc {
background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--bd);
border-radius:12px;padding:16px 18px;
transition:all .25s var(--ease);cursor:default;
}
.gc:hover { border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.4);transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.2); }
.gc-t { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--r);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;margin-bottom:7px; }
.gc-icon { font-size:22px;margin-bottom:10px; }
.gc p { margin:0;font-size:13px; }
/* Mode badge grid */
.mode-grid { display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:14px 0; }
.mode-tag {
display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
padding:6px 12px;border-radius:8px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;
border:1px solid;
transition:transform .15s var(--spring);cursor:default;
}
.mode-tag:hover { transform:scale(1.05); }
.mode-tag.in { background:rgba(86,211,100,.1);border-color:rgba(86,211,100,.3);color:var(--g); }
.mode-tag.out { background:rgba(121,192,255,.1);border-color:rgba(121,192,255,.3);color:var(--b); }
.mode-tag.app { background:rgba(227,179,65,.1);border-color:rgba(227,179,65,.3);color:var(--y); }
.mode-tag.bin { background:rgba(210,168,255,.1);border-color:rgba(210,168,255,.3);color:var(--p); }
.mode-tag.trn { background:rgba(247,129,102,.1);border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.3);color:var(--r); }
/* ── WELCOME PAGE ── */
.welcome { text-align:center;padding:50px 24px 32px; }
.wl-badge {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:3px;
text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--r);
border:1px solid rgba(247,129,102,.3);padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;
display:inline-block;margin-bottom:24px;background:rgba(247,129,102,.05);
animation:badgePulse 3.5s ease-in-out infinite;
}
@keyframes badgePulse {
0%,100% { box-shadow:0 0 0 0 rgba(247,129,102,.3); }
50% { box-shadow:0 0 0 10px rgba(247,129,102,.0); }
}
.wl-h1 {
font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;
font-size:clamp(38px,6vw,70px);font-weight:900;line-height:1.0;margin-bottom:14px;
}
.wl-h1 .acc {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--r),var(--p));
-webkit-background-clip:text;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;background-clip:text;
}
.wl-h1 .main {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--tx) 0%,var(--tx2) 100%);
-webkit-background-clip:text;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;background-clip:text;
}
[data-theme="light"] .wl-h1 .main {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1f2328 0%,#57606a 100%);
-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;
}
.wl-sub { color:var(--mu);font-size:15px;margin-bottom:36px;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; }
.wl-stats { display:flex;gap:28px;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:36px;flex-wrap:wrap; }
.wl-stat { text-align:center; }
.wl-stat-num { font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:28px;font-weight:700;color:var(--r); }
.wl-stat-lbl { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--dm);margin-top:2px; }
.wl-grid { display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:14px;text-align:left;max-width:720px;margin:0 auto; }
.wl-card {
background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:14px;padding:20px;
cursor:pointer;transition:all .28s var(--ease);position:relative;overflow:hidden;
}
.wl-card::before {
content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;
background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(247,129,102,.07),transparent);
opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s;
}
.wl-card:hover { border-color:rgba(247,129,102,.4);transform:translateY(-5px);box-shadow:0 16px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }
.wl-card:hover::before { opacity:1; }
.wl-icon { font-size:26px;margin-bottom:12px; }
.wl-ct { font-size:14px;font-weight:600;color:var(--tx2);margin-bottom:5px; }
.wl-cd { font-size:12px;color:var(--mu);line-height:1.5; }
/* ── PAGE NAV ── */
.pg-nav {
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;
margin-top:60px;padding-top:28px;border-top:1px solid var(--bd);
}
.pg-nav-btn {
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:11px;color:var(--mu);
background:var(--sf);border:1px solid var(--bd);padding:10px 18px;
border-radius:10px;cursor:pointer;transition:all .2s var(--ease);
letter-spacing:.5px;max-width:45%;white-space:nowrap;
overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;
}
.pg-nav-btn:hover { color:var(--tx);border-color:var(--r);background:rgba(247,129,102,.06);transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.15); }
.pg-nav-btn:disabled { opacity:.2;cursor:not-allowed;pointer-events:none; }
.pg-nav-info { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--dm);text-align:center; }
/* ── FOOTER ── */
.footer {
background:var(--footer-bg);border-top:1px solid var(--bd);
padding:12px 24px;flex-shrink:0;
display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;
z-index:100;position:relative;backdrop-filter:blur(12px);
}
.ft-copy { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--dm);letter-spacing:.5px;white-space:nowrap; }
.ft-copy strong { color:var(--y); }
.ft-spacer { flex:1; }
.ft-about {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--mu);cursor:pointer;
background:none;border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:6px;padding:4px 10px;
letter-spacing:.5px;transition:all .2s var(--ease);white-space:nowrap;
}
.ft-about:hover { color:var(--r);border-color:var(--r);background:rgba(247,129,102,.06); }
.social-row { display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center; }
.sl {
width:28px;height:28px;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid var(--bd);background:var(--sf2);
display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:pointer;
transition:all .22s var(--spring);text-decoration:none;flex-shrink:0;
}
.sl:hover { transform:translateY(-4px);box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }
.sl.li:hover { border-color:#0a66c2;background:rgba(10,102,194,.15); }
.sl.gh:hover { border-color:#c9d1d9;background:rgba(201,209,217,.1); }
.sl svg { width:13px;height:13px; }
/* ── ABOUT POPUP ── */
.overlay {
position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.65);backdrop-filter:blur(10px);
z-index:500;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:20px;
}
.overlay.show { display:flex;animation:overlayIn .25s var(--ease); }
@keyframes overlayIn { from{opacity:0} to{opacity:1} }
.about-card {
background:var(--sf);border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:20px;
width:100%;max-width:460px;overflow:hidden;
box-shadow:0 40px 100px rgba(0,0,0,.6);
animation:cardIn .3s var(--spring);
}
@keyframes cardIn { from{transform:scale(.88) translateY(24px);opacity:0} to{transform:none;opacity:1} }
.about-head {
background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(247,129,102,.1),rgba(121,192,255,.05));
padding:24px 24px 20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);
display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;
}
.about-icon { font-size:36px;margin-bottom:8px; }
.about-ht { font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx); }
.about-hs { font-size:12px;color:var(--mu);margin-top:2px; }
.about-x { background:none;border:none;color:var(--mu);cursor:pointer;font-size:20px;padding:0;transition:color .15s;line-height:1; }
.about-x:hover { color:var(--r); }
.about-body { padding:22px 24px; }
.about-body p { font-size:13.5px;color:var(--mu);margin-bottom:12px; }
.about-chip {
display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;
background:rgba(121,192,255,.08);border:1px solid rgba(121,192,255,.2);
border-radius:20px;padding:5px 12px;
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:11px;color:var(--b);
margin:4px 4px 4px 0;transition:transform .15s var(--spring);
}
.about-chip:hover { transform:scale(1.05); }
.about-footer { border-top:1px solid var(--bd);padding:16px 24px;text-align:center;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:11px;color:var(--dm); }
.about-footer strong { color:var(--y); }
/* ── SHORTCUTS MODAL ── */
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position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.6);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);
z-index:490;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:20px;
}
.shortcuts-modal.show { display:flex;animation:overlayIn .2s var(--ease); }
.shortcuts-card {
background:var(--sf);border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:18px;
width:100%;max-width:380px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:var(--shadow);
animation:cardIn .25s var(--spring);
}
.shortcuts-head { padding:18px 24px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between; }
.shortcuts-head h3 { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);letter-spacing:.5px; }
.sc-close { width:28px;height:28px;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid var(--bd);background:var(--sf2);color:var(--mu);cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;transition:all .15s;flex-shrink:0; }
.sc-close:hover { color:var(--r);border-color:var(--r);background:rgba(247,129,102,.08);transform:scale(1.05); }
.shortcuts-body { padding:14px 24px 20px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px; }
.sc-row { display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:6px 0; }
.sc-desc { font-size:13px;color:var(--mu); }
.sc-keys { display:flex;gap:4px;align-items:center; }
.sc-key {
font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:10px;
background:var(--sf2);border:1px solid var(--bd);border-bottom-width:2px;
border-radius:5px;padding:2px 7px;color:var(--tx2);
}
/* ── RESPONSIVE ── */
@media (max-width:900px) { .page-wrap { padding:40px 32px 80px; } .search-wrap { max-width:320px; } }
@media (max-width:700px) {
.orb { filter:blur(40px); }
.topbar { backdrop-filter:blur(10px) saturate(140%); -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px) saturate(140%); }
.footer { backdrop-filter:blur(6px); }
.search-input { backdrop-filter:none; }
.overlay { backdrop-filter:blur(5px); }
.shortcuts-modal { backdrop-filter:blur(4px); }
.sidebar { position:fixed;top:calc(58px + env(safe-area-inset-top));left:0;bottom:calc(74px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom));z-index:180;width:280px;box-shadow:16px 0 48px rgba(0,0,0,.5);padding-left:env(safe-area-inset-left);transition:transform .32s var(--ease); }
.sidebar.closed { transform:translateX(-100%);width:280px;opacity:1; }
.sidebar-backdrop { display:block; }
.page-wrap { padding:28px 20px 80px; }
.g2,.compare-wrap { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
.g3 { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }
.search-wrap { max-width:none;flex:1; }
.tb-logo { display:none; }
.home-btn span { display:none; }
.home-btn { padding:0 12px;min-height:44px; }
.tb-btn, #sbToggle { width:44px;height:44px; }
/* FIX: on mobile, drop the Keyboard Shortcuts button (not useful without
a keyboard) — the Theme toggle stays visible in its place. */
#shortcutsBtn { display:none; }
.pg-nav-btn { padding:8px 12px;font-size:10px; }
.footer { padding:10px 16px;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding-bottom:calc(10px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom)); }
.ft-copy { font-size:9px;flex:0 0 100%;text-align:center;white-space:normal;overflow:visible;text-overflow:initial; }
.ft-spacer { display:none; }
.ft-about { flex-shrink:0;padding:9px 14px;min-height:38px; }
.social-row { flex-shrink:0;gap:12px; }
.sl { width:44px;height:44px; }
.search-results { max-height:min(60vh,420px);overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden; }
.about-card, .shortcuts-card { max-height:88vh;overflow-y:auto; }
.about-x { padding:10px;margin:-10px; }
.sc-close { width:38px;height:38px; }
/* Tables → stacked cards on mobile */
.tw { overflow:visible;box-shadow:none;border-radius:0;margin:14px 0; }
.tw table, .tw tbody { display:block;width:100%; }
.tw tr { display:block;border:1px solid var(--bd);border-radius:10px;margin-bottom:10px;padding:4px 14px;background:var(--card-bg); }
.tw tr:last-child { margin-bottom:0; }
.tw tr:first-child { display:none; }
.tw th { display:none; }
.tw td { display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:1px solid var(--bd2);padding:9px 0 9px 40%;position:relative;min-height:20px; }
.tw tr td:last-child { border-bottom:none; }
.tw td::before {
content:attr(data-label);position:absolute;left:0;top:9px;width:36%;
font-size:9.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;
color:var(--dm);white-space:normal;line-height:1.4;
}
}
@media (max-width:480px) {
.topbar { padding:0 10px;gap:8px; }
.search-input { font-size:12px;padding:7px 14px 7px 36px; }
pre { font-size:11.5px;padding:14px 16px; }
.g3 { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
.flow-row { gap:4px; }
}
/* Phones in landscape (wide but short) can exceed 700px width — catch them by height instead.
NOTE: we intentionally do NOT hide .tb-controls here anymore (theme/shortcuts must
stay reachable on all screen sizes) — see fix notes at bottom of <script>. */
</style>
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<div class="wl-badge">The Definitive C++ Reference</div>
<h1 class="wl-h1">C++ <span class="acc">File</span><br><span class="main">Handling</span></h1>
<p class="wl-sub">From <code>#include <fstream></code> to binary files — every concept, every example, with visual diagrams.</p>
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<div class="wl-stat"><div class="wl-stat-num">13</div><div class="wl-stat-lbl">Chapters</div></div>
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<div class="wl-card" onclick="goTo(1)"><div class="wl-icon">📦</div><div class="wl-ct">Start Here</div><div class="wl-cd">What is fstream and why you need it</div></div>
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